What is the definition of observation in a scientific context?

In a scientific context, observation refers to the act of receiving and recording sensory information. This foundational step involves using the senses—sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell—to gather data about the natural world. Observations can be qualitative, focusing on descriptions and qualities, or quantitative, involving measurements and numerical data. This process enables scientists to collect evidence and identify patterns or anomalies, which are essential for understanding phenomena, generating hypotheses, and conducting further experiments.

The other options refer to different aspects of scientific methodology. Analyzing data is a crucial step following observation, but it does not define the initial act. The formulation of theories based on assumptions does not accurately represent the objective nature of observation, as it implies a more subjective process driven by pre-existing beliefs. Similarly, the application of scientific methods to a theory pertains to testing and validating ideas rather than the gathering of sensory information itself. Thus, the definition that highlights the act of receiving and recording sensory information accurately captures the essence of observation in science.