Which of the following describes a theory?

A theory is defined as a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world, which is supported by a substantial body of evidence. Theories are developed through rigorous scientific processes, which include observation, experimentation, and validation over time. Unlike a mere hypothesis, which is an initial educated guess that requires verification, a theory encompasses a broader scope of understanding and generally explains why certain phenomena occur based on repeated testing and peer review.

Theories integrate and unify a wide range of data and observations, providing insight into complex scientific questions. They are not just descriptive; they also offer predictive power, allowing scientists to make accurate predictions about future observations or experiments based on the established concepts within the theory.

In contrast, the other options presented do not accurately encapsulate the nature of a theory. A universally applicable rule suggests a rigidity that does not align with the evolving nature of scientific theories, which can be refined with new evidence. A verified educated guess implies that it lacks the depth and comprehensive validation that a theory embodies. A collection of empirical observations refers to data rather than to an interpretation or explanation, which is the essence of what a theory provides in science.