Which of the following principles indicates that certain physical properties can’t be determined simultaneously with arbitrary precision?

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics that asserts that certain pairs of physical properties, like position and momentum, cannot be simultaneously measured with arbitrary precision. This limitation arises because the act of measuring one property influences the other, which means that increasing the accuracy of one measurement will inherently lead to a decrease in the accuracy of the other.

For instance, if you try to measure the position of a particle very precisely, the uncertainty in its momentum increases. Conversely, if you measure momentum with high precision, the position becomes more uncertain. This principle highlights the inherent limitations in our ability to observe and measure quantum systems and is a cornerstone of the behavior of particles at the quantum level.

Other principles listed, such as the law of conservation of mass and conservation of energy, relate more to the preservation of quantities in physical processes rather than the limits of measurement precision. Newton's laws of motion describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it, and do not address measurement constraints in the way that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle does.