Which process involves systematic collection and classification of data to test a hypothesis?

The process that involves systematic collection and classification of data to test a hypothesis is the scientific method. This method is foundational in scientific inquiry, as it provides a structured approach for researchers to formulate hypotheses, conduct experiments, gather observations, and analyze data in a repeatable and objective manner.

Specifically, the scientific method typically begins with a question based on observations, followed by the formulation of a hypothesis. Researchers then design and conduct experiments to collect data that can confirm or refute the initial hypothesis. Through systematic classification and analysis of this data, scientists can draw conclusions about the validity of their hypothesis, allowing for a deeper understanding of the phenomena being studied.

Empirical observation pertains more to gathering data through direct experience or experimentation but does not necessarily include the rigorous process of hypothesis testing that is central to the scientific method. Quantitative analysis focuses on the numeric aspects of data rather than the broader systematic approach to testing hypotheses. The theoretical approach is primarily concerned with the development of theories rather than the empirical testing of hypotheses through systematic data collection. Thus, the scientific method stands out as the optimal choice for describing the process of systematically testing a hypothesis through data collection and analysis.